The Impact of Medications on Oral Health in Seniors

By Marc P. Stanard, DDS, PC

As we age, our medical needs often become more complex—so does our medication regimen. For seniors, maintaining oral health isn’t just about brushing and flossing; it’s also about understanding how medications can affect the gums, teeth, and surrounding structures.

Many commonly prescribed medications, including those for high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, allergies, and Parkinson’s disease, can significantly impact oral health. One of the most prevalent side effects is xerostomia, or dry mouth. Saliva plays a critical role in protecting the teeth and gums by neutralizing acids, washing away food particles, and providing disease-fighting substances. When saliva production decreases, the risk of periodontal disease increases.

Dry mouth doesn’t just lead to discomfort—it creates an environment where harmful bacteria thrive. This can accelerate gum disease, promote tooth decay, and compromise existing dental work. Periodontitis, the advanced form of gum disease, is particularly concerning in older adults because it can lead to bone loss and tooth loss if left untreated.

In addition to dry mouth, certain medications can cause gingival enlargement—a condition in which the gum tissue becomes overgrown and inflamed. This is most commonly associated with medications such as calcium channel blockers, immunosupressants, and a common anti-epileptc/seizure drug. Enlarged gums make it more difficult to clean the teeth properly, increasing the likelihood of plaque buildup and infection.

Patients taking anticoagulants or blood thinners may also face increased bleeding during routine oral hygiene or periodontal treatments. While these medications are essential for managing cardiovascular health, it’s important for dental professionals to collaborate with physicians to ensure safe and effective care.

The good news is that awareness and proactive care can significantly reduce the oral health risks associated with medication use. Seniors should inform their dental provider of all medications they are taking—prescription or over-the-counter—and schedule regular periodontal evaluations. Customized treatment plans, fluoride therapy, salivary substitutes, and meticulous home care can help counteract the effects of medication and preserve oral health well into the golden years.

As a periodontist, I’ve seen firsthand how early intervention and ongoing care can dramatically improve not just oral health—but quality of life. By addressing the oral side effects of medication, we can help our senior patients stay healthier, more comfortable, and more confident in their smiles.